Justice
Outline · 2 ›
1.The nature and definition of justice
See also: Reasoning 1b
Sophocles, AntigoneVol. 8
- p. 267–272Antigone says Justice will not allow Ismene to share a deed she refused to take part in.read · scan
Marcus Tullius Cicero, On FriendshipVol. 9
- p. 18–19Scipio praised for standing up for justice in discussion of the State.read · scan
Plutarch, CiceroVol. 12
- p. 227–228Plutarch says justice is invincible when well spoken.read · scan
Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations of Marcus AureliusVol. 2
- p. 209–210Behave to kinsmen by natural law of fellowship with benevolence and justice.read · scan
- p. 214Attend only to whether one's own acts are just and pure.read · scan
- p. 215–216In every movement have respect to justice and keep the faculty of comprehension.read · scan
- p. 230Ask whether one has wronged no man in deed or word.read · scan
- p. 242Act on principles of justice even against men's will, after trying to persuade.read · scan
- p. 248A man should look only to whether his act is just or unjust, that of a good or bad man.read · scan
- p. 249–250Behave justly to those about you.read · scan
- p. 269Examine own ruling faculty to make it just.read · scan
- p. 270–271Do just acts by the internal cause, in social action, with freedom from perturbation.read · scan
- p. 278–279Keep to what appears just; it makes no difference to thee if another does right.read · scan
- p. 285Right reason is identical with the reason of justice; the rational soul's property is also the property of Law.read · scan
- p. 298Act as justice herself would act.read · scan
Dante Alighieri, PurgatoryVol. 20
- p. 167Florentines have justice on their lips' edge rather than in their heart, unlike those who deliberate before acting.read · scan
- p. 208Without free choice there would be no justice in joy for virtue and woe for vice.read · scan
- p. 234Virgil's verse proclaims justice returned and primeval innocence restored.read · scan
Michel de Montaigne, Of FriendshipVol. 32
- p. 72Aristotle says lawgivers cared more for friendship than justice.read · scan
Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of LeviathanVol. 34
- p. 366Honour is indifferent to justice; great unjust acts are celebrated, though equity joined with loss shows magnanimity.read · scan
- p. 404–405Distinguishes justice of persons (conformity of manners to reason) from justice of actions; injury presupposes an individual wronged.read · scan
- p. 411–412He who endeavours to fulfil the laws is just; injustice and ingratitude can never be made lawful.read · scan
John Milton, Paradise LostVol. 4
- p. 342Some laws pertain to civil justice.read · scan
Blaise Pascal, ThoughtsVol. 48
- p. 38Justice and truth are subtle points that our blunt tools crush or miss.read · scan
- p. 221–222God's will alone is all goodness and justice; what it does not permit is unjust and wrong.read · scan
William Penn, Some Fruits of SolitudeVol. 1
- p. 348–349Take just ways to compass just things.read · scan
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality among MankindVol. 34
- p. 211–212Proposed rules of justice and peace, mutual duties for powerful and weak.read · scan
John Woolman, The Journal of John WoolmanVol. 1
- p. 173–174True religion teaches justice and goodness toward all men and brute creatures.read · scan
Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of NationsVol. 10
- p. 433Establishment of perfect justice named as part of the secret of general prosperity.read · scan
- p. 438–439Perfect justice is not required for a nation's prosperity; natural effort remedies injustice.read · scan
Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in FranceVol. 24
- p. 160Sovereign power is subject to permanent reason and the steady maxims of faith and justice.read · scan
- p. 182Law administers the rights of sacred justiceread · scan
Friedrich Schiller, William TellVol. 26
- p. 418–419Reding swears never to swerve from justice and right.read · scan
Friedrich von Schiller, Letters upon the Aesthetic Education of ManVol. 32
- p. 242The formal instinct tends to truth and justice by making the real necessary and eternal.read · scan
George Long, The Philosophy of AntoninusVol. 2
- p. 342Men's notions of justice are confused; the emperor requires justice shown in social acts, not just fine notions; unjust acts are impious.read · scan
Ralph Waldo Emerson, CharacterVol. 5
- p. 186Justice is truth applied to affairs and must prevail like a natural force.read · scan
Ralph Waldo Emerson, PoliticsVol. 5
- p. 244–245A mob cannot be permanent; only justice satisfies all.read · scan
- p. 246Men agree in decisions of mind called Truth and Holiness, and try to apply truth and justice to land, service and property.read · scan
Ralph Waldo Emerson, English TraitsVol. 5
- p. 355An infusion of justice enters English logic.read · scan
- p. 460Law of love and justice alone is the force that needs no gun.read · scan
John Stuart Mill, AutobiographyVol. 25
- p. 116–118The passion of justice seemed her strongest feeling.read · scan
John Stuart Mill, On LibertyVol. 25
- p. 205Accountability for harm by action or omission; rule is answerability for doing evil, exception for failing to prevent it.read · scan
- p. 257Rigid rules of justice for others' sake develop social feelings; restraint merely for others' displeasure develops nothing valuable.read · scan
- p. 277On principles of justice and policy, decisions in personal concerns rest with those who abide the consequences.read · scan
John Ruskin, Sesame and LiliesVol. 28
- p. 125The justice we do not execute we mimic in novel and stage.read · scan
James Russell Lowell, Abraham LincolnVol. 28
- p. 439Durable political triumph rests not on abstract right but on the highest attainable justice through mutual concession.read · scan
- p. 445Masses are moved by principles of humanity and justice only when allied with personal wrong.read · scan
Ernest Renan, The Poetry of the Celtic RacesVol. 32
- p. 147–148The Gaelic hero is credited with a profound sense of justice and loyalty.read · scan
1a.Justice as giving each his due
Confucius, The Sayings of ConfuciusVol. 44
- p. 13Gentlemen trust in justice, the vulgar in favour.read · scan
Buddhist WritingsVol. 45
- p. 638–639King Sudassana is described as a virtuous king of justice.read · scan
Luke, The Gospel According to LukeVol. 44
- p. 386Pharisees pass over justice and the love of God while tithing trivia.read · scan
Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations of Marcus AureliusVol. 2
- p. 195Love of truth and justice; a polity with the same law for all and equal rights.read · scan
- p. 195–196Firmness in giving every man according to his deserts.read · scan
- p. 264Acting unjustly is impiety, since nature made rational beings to help one another according to deserts, not to injure.read · scan
- p. 289Men are pained when called unjust, since the soul is unwillingly deprived of dealing with each by desert.read · scan
- p. 294Speak truth freely and act lawfully according to each one's worth.read · scan
The Destruction of Dá Derga's HostelVol. 49
- p. 209–210The reavers agree to fair play: combat only on equal terms, breaking not the truth of men.read · scan
The Voyages to VinlandVol. 43
- p. 8–10Leif is described as sagacious and a very just man in all things.read · scan
Michel de Montaigne, That to Philosophise Is to Learne How to DieVol. 32
- p. 25–26Equality is the ground of equity: none can complain of a fate common to all.read · scan
Miguel de Cervantes, The History of Don Quixote of the Mancha, Part IVol. 14
- p. 105She contests the claim that she owes love in return, asking whether she could complain if made foul and unloved.read · scan
Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of LeviathanVol. 34
- p. 392–393Golden Rule of the Gospel is cited as expressing this law of reciprocity.read · scan
John Winthrop, Arbitrary Government Described and the Government of the Massachusetts Vindicated from That AspersionVol. 43
- p. 92–93Justice renders to each according to desert; identical fixed penalty is unjust to a first-time liar and to a habitual one.read · scan
Izaak Walton, The Life of Mr. George HerbertVol. 15
- p. 416–418He says he need not charge Woodnot to be just, since Woodnot will be just for his own sake.read · scan
Molière, Tartuffe, or The HypocriteVol. 26
- p. 263–264Cleante argues Tartuffe has no just claim to the estate and that the rightful heir should not be robbed or expelled.read · scan
Blaise Pascal, ThoughtsVol. 48
- p. 115Different duties are owed to different merits: love to the pleasant, fear to the strong, belief to the learned.read · scan
- p. 115–116Refusing esteem or fear where due is unjust and tyrannical.read · scan
John Dryden, Preface to Fables, Ancient and ModernVol. 39
- p. 162–163Good cannot be too much honored nor bad too coarsely used; slander law protects clergy and peers alike.read · scan
Daniel Defoe, The Education of WomenVol. 27
- p. 148–149Denying women education is injustice, perhaps from fear of their rivalling men.read · scan
Benjamin Franklin, His AutobiographyVol. 1
- p. 78–80Franklin's list of virtues includes Justice: 'Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty'—justice as harm avoidance and fulfilling duties to others.read · scan
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality among MankindVol. 34
- p. 189–190Pity yields a rough maxim of natural goodness, less perfect than 'do to others as you would be done by'.read · scan
Immanuel Kant, Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of MoralsVol. 32
- p. 340–341Attacks on others' freedom and property transgress their rights by using them merely as means.read · scan
Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in FranceVol. 24
- p. 196Men have a right to do justice between fellows and to the fruits of their industry.read · scan
Edmund Burke, A Letter to a Noble LordVol. 24
- p. 384He asserts that answering the libels is a demand of justice and gratitude, not vanity.read · scan
William Cullen Bryant, PoemsVol. 42
- p. 1223–1224He fell in the cause of Right, slow to smite and swift to spare, gentle, merciful and just.read · scan
George Long, The Philosophy of AntoninusVol. 2
- p. 344–345Defined as giving every man his due.read · scan
John Stuart Mill, AutobiographyVol. 25
- p. 151Mill argues women's legal subjection is unjust and that they need equal voice in making the laws that bind them.read · scan
John Stuart Mill, On LibertyVol. 25
- p. 270Certain interests ought to be treated as rights, and burdens shared on an equitable principle.read · scan
- p. 298–301Wives should have the same rights and legal protection as other persons; defenders of established injustice openly champion power.read · scan
Andrew Johnson, Proclamation Declaring the Insurrection at an EndVol. 43
- p. 429–430Observance of political equality is called a principle of right and justice that encourages allegiance.read · scan
1b.Justice as the foundation of the other virtues and of the good life
Confucius, The Sayings of ConfuciusVol. 44
- p. 41When justice fails, people cannot move hand or foot.read · scan
- p. 52Right is the gentleman's foundation, expressed with courtesy and truth.read · scan
Aeschylus, The FuriesVol. 8
- p. 142–144If the fane of Justice falls, none will worship Right; the just man who follows right uncompelled is never unblest.read · scan
- p. 162–164Honoring the Furies will prop the city on Justice's saving hand and lasting fame.read · scan
The Book of PsalmsVol. 44
- p. 169–170The meek are guided in justice.read · scan
- p. 275–277Blessed are those who keep justice and do righteousness at all times.read · scan
Plato, CritoVol. 2
- p. 42His fine sentiments about virtue and justice would be hollow if he violated the laws from desire for a little more life.read · scan
Plato, PhaedoVol. 2
- p. 57–58Justice, with courage and temperance, is a purgation when joined with wisdom.read · scan
Plutarch, AristidesVol. 12
- p. 78–79Aristides in boyhood was intent on justice, admitting no falsity or trickery even in play, unlike subtle Themistocles.read · scan
- p. 82–83Common people most admired his justice, which earned him the divine title of Just; justice makes a life godlike and injustice beastlike.read · scan
Marcus Aurelius, The Meditations of Marcus AureliusVol. 2
- p. 206The good man is dyed deep with justice.read · scan
- p. 231Good consists in the disposition to justice and its practice, where desire finds its end.read · scan
- p. 241Worth is in living in truth and justice with benevolence even to liars and the unjust.read · scan
- p. 247The ruling principle is content when it does what is just.read · scan
- p. 278The wise man acts justly, is satisfied with his lot, ignores others' opinions, and follows the straight course through law to God.read · scan
- p. 287–288Justice originates here and is the foundation of the other virtues.read · scan
- p. 300Safety of life is to examine things, do justice and speak truth.read · scan
Dante Alighieri, ParadiseVol. 20
- p. 356–357Florence once so glorious and just that her lily banner never hung reversedread · scan
- p. 370–374Ripheus placed all his love on the just and right.read · scan
Blaise Pascal, ThoughtsVol. 48
- p. 242'Keep judgment and do justice' as condition of blessedness.read · scan
Benjamin Franklin, His AutobiographyVol. 1
- p. 71–73Franklin has loved justice, liberty and concord since infancy.read · scan
Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in FranceVol. 24
- p. 267–268True liberty must have wisdom and justice as companions.read · scan
- p. 288–289Justice is the great standing policy of civil society; departure from it is no policy at all, as Cicero's Sparta example shows.read · scan
George Long, The Philosophy of AntoninusVol. 2
- p. 341Emperor selects justice as the basis of all other virtues.read · scan
Charles Darwin, The Voyage of the BeagleVol. 29
- p. 144A republic cannot succeed until it contains a body of men imbued with the principles of justice and honour.read · scan
1c.Justice as originating in covenant and property
See also: Wealth 8a
Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of LeviathanVol. 34
- p. 390–391In the war of all, nothing is unjust; justice and injustice relate to men in society, not solitude.read · scan
- p. 393Injustice is likened to absurdity in disputation: voluntarily undoing what one voluntarily did.read · scan
- p. 401Justice originates in keeping covenants; injustice is nonperformance of covenant, and nothing is unjust before a coercive power exists.read · scan
Blaise Pascal, Minor WorksVol. 48
- p. 378–379God permits communities to divide property by law, so violating those laws is unjust.read · scan
William Penn, More Fruits of SolitudeVol. 1
- p. 387Justice supports society by insuring property; without it there is confusion.read · scan
Alexander Pope, Solitude; On a Certain Lady at Court; Essay on ManVol. 40
- p. 428Forced into virtue by self-defence, even kings learned justice and benevolence.read · scan
David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human UnderstandingVol. 37
- p. 418–419Injustice is defined as violation of property, as example of a proposition true by definition.read · scan
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse upon the Origin and the Foundation of the Inequality among MankindVol. 34
- p. 166Criticizes attributing ideas of justice and injustice to natural man without proof.read · scan
- p. 190–191Savages had no notion of meum and tuum or justice; injury was not punishable.read · scan
- p. 204Injury is tied to property, implying no injustice without it.read · scan
- p. 207The first rules of justice follow from property, since securing each his own requires that each have something.read · scan
Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of NationsVol. 10
- p. 552–553Commerce flourishes only where justice is regularly administered, property is secure and contracts enforced, giving confidence to lend to the state.read · scan
- p. 553–554In rude societies people hoard and conceal money from distrust of government's justice.read · scan
1d.The fool's denial of justice
Plutarch, AristidesVol. 12
- p. 80–81Verses praise being just rather than seeming so, and the audience applies them to Aristides.read · scan
Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of LeviathanVol. 34
- p. 402The fool denies justice, arguing breaking covenants may serve one's benefit and so is not against reason.read · scan
- p. 403–404Keeping covenant is not against reason where there is a power to compel or one party has performed.read · scan
Outline · 2 ›