Index
¶AABERRANT groups, 448.Abyssinia, plants of, 40$.Acclimatisation, 144.Adoxa, 2 1 5 .Affinities of extinct species, 3 6 2 ., of organic beings, 448.Agassiz, on Amblyopsis, 144., on groups of species suddenly appearing, 348., on prophetic forms, 362., on embryological succession, 3 7 1 ., on the Glacial period, 394., on embryological characters, 437., on the latest tertiary forms, 336., on parallelism of embryologicaldevelopment and geological succession,468., Alex., on pcdicellariz, 236.Alga- of New Zealand, 403.Alligators, males, fighting, 95.Alternate generations, 458.Amblyopsis, blind fish, 144.America, North, productions allied tothose of Europe, 398., , boulders and glaciers of, 400., South, no modern formations onwest coast, 328.Ammonites, sudden extinction of, 357.Anagallis, sterility of, 287.Analogy of variations, 1 6 1 .Ancylus, 4 1 1 .And a man Islands inhabited by a toad, 4 1 7 .Animals, not domesticated from beingvariable, 32., domestic, descended from several. stocks, 33., , acclimatisation of, 146.Animals of Australia, 1 1 9 .with thicker fur in cold climates,139-, blind, in caves, 142.extinct, of Australia, 372.A no m m a , 281.Antarctic islands, ancient flora of, 422.Antechinus, 443.Ants attending aphides, 254.Ants, slave-making instinct, 264., neuters, structure of, 280.Apes, not having acquired intellectualpowers, 224.Aphides, attended by ants, 254.Aphis, development of, 462.Apteryx, 1 7 7 .Arab horses, 46.Aralo-Caspian Sea, 3 7 3 .Archeopteryx, 342.Archiac, M . de, on the succession ofspecies, 359.Artichoke, Jerusalem, 1 4 7 .Ascension, plants of, 4 1 4 .Asclepias, pollen of, 190.Asparagus, 388.Aspicarpa, 436.Asses, striped, 162., improved by selection, 5 2 .Ateuchus, 1 4 1 .Aucapitaine, on land-shells, 420.Audubon , on habits of frigate-bird, 1 8 3 ., on variation in birds' nests, 254., on heron eating seeds, 4 1 2 .Australia, animals of, 1 1 9 ., dogs of, 258., extinct animals of, 3 7 2 ., European plants in, 403., glaciers of, 400.Azara, on flies destroying cattle, 8 1 .Azores, flora of, 392.
¶BBabington, Mr., on British plants, 5 9 .Bacr, Von , standard of Highness, 129., comparison of bee and fish, 370., embryonic similarity of the Vertebrata, 459.Baker, Sir S., on the giraffe, 2 2 1 .Balancement of growth , 150.Baleen, 226.Barberry, flowers of, 104.Barrande, M . , on Silurian colonies, 350., on the succession of species, 359., on parallelism of palxozoic formations, 3 6 1 ., on affinities of ancient species, 363.[518]5 l 8Barriers, importance of, 379.Bates, M r . , on mimetic butterflies, 445,446.Batrachians on islands, 4 1 7 .Bats, how structure acquired, 1 7 7 ..distribution of, 418.Bear, catching water-insects, 1 7 8 .Beauty, how acquired, 199, 489.Bee, sting of, 204., queen, killing rivals, 204., Australian, extermination of, 84.Bees fertilising flowers, 8 1 ., hive, not sucking the red clover,1 0 1 ., Ligurian, 102., hive, cell-making instinct, 268., variation in habits, 254., parasitic, 263., humble, cells of, 269.Beetles, wingless, in Madeira, 1 4 1 .with deficient tarsi, 1 4 1 .Bentham, M r . , on British plants, 59., on classification, 438.Berkeley, Mr., on seeds in salt water, 388.Bermuda, birds of, 4 1 5 .Birds acquiring fear, 255., beauty of, 202.annually cross the Atlantic, 392..colour of, on continents, 139., footsteps, and remains of, in secondary rocks, 3 4 1 ., fossil, in caves of Brazil, 3 7 2 ., of Madeira, Bermuda, and Gala pagos, 4 1 5 .Birds, song of males, 96.transporting seeds, 392., waders, 4 1 1 ..wingless, 140, 1 7 7 , 1 7 8 .Bizcacha, 380., affinities of, 449.Bladder for swimming , in fish, 186.Blindness of cave animals, 142.Blyth, Mr., on distinctness of Indiancatde, 33., on striped hemionus, 163., on crossed geese, 291.Borrow, Mr., on the Spanish pointer, 46.Bory St. Vincent, on Batrachians. 4 1 7 .Bosquet, M . , on fossil Chthamalus, 342.Boulders, erratic, on the Azores, 392.Branchiae, 186, 187.of crustaceans, 1 9 1 .Braun, Prof., on the seeds ofF u m a -riacex, 2 1 5 .Brent, Mr., on house-tumblers, 257.Britain, mammals of, 419.Broca, Prof., on Natural Selection, 2 1 1 .Bronn, Prof., on duration of specificforms, 332..various objections by, 2 1 1 .Brown, Robert, on classification, 434., Sequard, on inherited mutilations,1 4 1 .Busk, Mr., on the Polyzoa, 237.Butterflies, mimetic, 445, 446.Buzareingucs, on sterility of varieties, 3 1 1 .
¶CCabbage, varieties of, crossed, 105.Calceolaria, 289.Canary-birds, sterility of hybrids, 290.Cape de Verde islands, productions of,
421.
¶, plants of, on mountains, 402.Cape of Good Hope, plants of, 134, 414.Carpenter, Dr., on foraminifera, 369.Carthamus, 2 1 5 .Catasetum, 195, 4 4 1 .Cats, with blue eyes, deaf, 27., variation in habits of, 256.curling tail when going to spring,
203.
¶Cattle destroying fir-trees, 80.destroyed by flies in Paraguay, 81..breeds of, locally extinct, 1 1 4 ., fertility of Indian and Europeanbreeds, 2 9 1 ..Indian, 3 3 , 2 9 2 .Cave , inhabitants of, blind, 142.Cccidomyia, 458.Celts, proving antiquity of man, 32.Centres of Creation, 383.Cephalopoda:, structures of eyes, 190..development of, 461.Cercopithecus, tail of, 232.Ceroxylus laccratus, 225.Cervulus, 291.Cctacca, teeth and hair, 149., development of the whalebone, 226.Cetaceans, 226.Ceylon, plants of, 402.Chalk formation, 357.Characters, divergence of, 1 1 5 ..sexual, variable, 1 5 3 , 1 5 7 ., adaptive or analogical, 443.Charlock, 84.Checks to increase, 7 7 ., mutual, 7 9 .[519]C he l x of Crustaceans, 237.Chickens, instinctive tameness of, 258.Chironomus, its asexual reproduction,458.C h t ham a l in z , 326.Chthamalus, cretacean species of, 342.Circumstances favourable to selection ofdomestic products, 50.to natural selection, 107.Cirripedes capable of crossing, 107., carapace aborted, 1 5 1 ., their ovigerous frena, 187., fossil, 3 4 1 ., larvz of, 461.Claparede, Prof., on the hair-claspcrs ofthe A cari d z , 192.Clarke, Rev. W . B . , on old glaciers inAustralia, 400.Classification, 4 3 1 .Gift , Mr., on the succession of types,372-Climate, effects of, in checking increaseof beings, 7 7 ..adaptation of, to organisms, 145.Climbing plants, 186., developments of, 2 4 1 .Clover visited by bees, 104.Cobites, intestine of, 185.Cockroach, 84.Collections, palzontological, poor, 326.Colour, influenced by climate, 139., in relation to attack by flics, 199.Columba livia, parent of domestic pigeons, 36.Colymbctcs, 4 1 1 .Compensation of growth, 150.Compositx. flowers and seeds of, 149..outer and inner florets of, 2 1 5 ., male flowers of, 470.Conclusion, general, 497Conditions, slight changes in, favourableto fertility, 304.Convergence of genera, 133.Coot, 180.Cope, Prof., on the acceleration or retardation of the period of reproduction,188.Coral-islands, seeds drifted to, 389-90.reefs, indicating movements ofearth, 387.Corncrake, 181.Correlated variation in domestic productions, 27.Coryanthes, 194.519Creation, single centres of, 383.Crinum , 289.Croll, Mr., on subaerial denudation, 3 2 5 ., on the age of our oldest formations, 344., on alternate Glacial periods in theNorth and South, 401.Crosses, reciprocal, 293.Crossing of domestic animals, importancein altering breeds, 33..advantages of, 103., unfavourable to selection, 108.Criiger, Dr., on Coryanthes, 194.Crustacea of New Zealand, 403.Crustacean, blind, 142.air-breathers, 192.Crustaceans, their c he l z , 2 3 7 - 8 .Cryptocerus, 280.C t c no my s , blind, 142.Cuckoo , instinct of, 2 5 1 , 259.Cunningham , Mr., on the flight of thelogger-headed duck, 140.Currants, grafts of, 297.Currents of sea, rate of, 389.Cuvicr, on fossil monkeys, 3 4 1 ., Fred., on instinct, 2 5 1 .Cyclostoma, resisting salt water, 420.
¶D
¶Dana, Prof., on blind cave-animals, 144., on relations of crustaceans ofJapan, 399., on crustaceans of New Zealand,
403.
¶Dawson, Dr., on eozoon, 345.D e Candolle, Aug . Pyr., on struggle forexistence, 7 2 ., on umbelliferz, 150., on general affinities, 449., Alph . , on the variability of oaks,
¶, on low plants, widely dispersed,4^7-, on widely-ranging plants being variable, 65., on naturalisation, 1 1 8 ., on winged seeds, 150., on Alpine species suddenly becoming rare, 1 7 1 ., on distribution of plants with largeseeds, 389., on vegetation of Australia, 405., on fresh-water plants, 4 1 2 ., on insular plants, 414.[520]520Degradation of rocks, 322.Denudation, rate of, 323.of oldest rocks, 345.of granitic areas, 3 3 0 - 1 .Development of ancient forms, 368.Devonian system, 3 6 6 - 7 .Dianthus, fertility of crosses, 293.Dimorphism in plants, 57, 305.Dirt on feet of birds, 3 9 1 .Dispersal, means of, 386.during Glacial period, 394.Distribution, geographical, 378., means of, 386.Disuse, effect of, under nature, 140.Divergence of character, 1 1 5 .Diversification of means for same gen eral purpose, 193.Division, physiological, of labour, 1 1 8 - 9 .Dog , resemblance of jaw to that of theThylacinus, 444.Dogs , hairless, with imperfect teeth, 28.descended from several wild stocks,32-, domestic instincts of, 2 5 6 - 7 ., inherited civilisation of, 256., fertility of breeds together, 2 9 1 ., of crosses, 309., proportions of body in differentbreeds, when young, 4 6 3 - 4 .Domestication, variation under, 23.Double flowers, 279.Downing , Mr., on fruit-trees in America,
¶Dragon-flies, intestines of, 185.Drift-timber, 389.Driver ant, 2 8 1 - 2 .Drones killed by other bees, 204.Duck , domestic, wings of, reduced, 27., beak of, 226., logger-headed, 1 7 7 .Duckweed , 4 1 1 .Dugong , affinities of, 434.Dung-beetles with deficient tarsi, 1 4 1 .Dytiscus, 4 1 1 .
¶E
¶Earl, M r . W . , on the Malay Archipelago, 4 1 9 .Ears, drooping, in domestic animals, 27., rudimentary, 473.Earth, seeds in roots of trees, 389-90.charged with seeds, 392.Echinodermata, their pedicellaruc, 235.Eciton, 280.Economy of organisation, 1 5 1 .Edentate, teeth and hair, 148-9., fossil species of, 493.Edwards, Milne, on physiological divisionof labour, 1 1 8 ., on gradations of structure, 196., on embryological characters, 437.Eggs, young birds escaping from, 93.Egypt, productions of, not modified, 210.Electric organs, 188-9.Elephant, rate of increase, 74., of Glacial period, 146.Embryology, 457.Eozoon Canadense, 345.Existence, struggle for, 7 1 ., condition of, 207.Extinction, as bearing on natural selection, 128.of domestic varieties, 1 1 4 .. 353-Eye, structure of, 182., correction for aberration, 203.Eyes, reduced in moles, 142.
¶F
¶Fabrc, M . , on hymcnoptera fighting, 95., on parasitic sphex, 263., on Sitaris, 467.Falconer, Dr., on naturalisation of plantsin India, 7 5 .on elephants and mastodons, 367.and Cautley, on mammals of sub-Himalayan beds, 373.Falkland Islands, wolf of, 4 1 7 .Faults, 3 2 3 - 4 .Faunas, marine, 380.Fear, instinctive, in birds, 258.Feet of birds, young molluscs adheringto, 4 1 1 .Fertilisation variously effected, 193, 201.Fertility of hybrids, 289., from slight changes in conditions,3°4-of crossed varieties, 308.Fir-trees destroyed by cattle, 80., pollen of, 204.Fish, flying, 1 7 8 ., teleostean, sudden appearance of,343-, eating seeds, 3 9 1 , 4 1 2 ., fresh-water, distribution of, 409-10.Fishes, Ganoid, now confined to freshwater, 1 1 1 , 356., electric organs of, 1 8 8 - 9 .[521]Fishes, of southern hemisphere, 403.Flatfish, their structure, 229.Flight, powers of, how acquired, 1 7 7 .Flint tools, proving antiquity of man,3*-3-Flower, Prof., on the larynx, 2 3 4 - 5 ., on Halithcrium, 363., on the resemblance between thejaws of the dog and Thylacinus, 444., on the homology of the feet ofcertain marsupials, 453.Flowers, structure of, in relation to crossing, 99-100., of compositx and umbellifcrx, 1 4 9 -50, 2 1 5 ., beauty of, 201., double, 279.Flysch formation, destitute of organic remains, 327.Forbes, Mr. D . , on glacial action in theAndes, 400., E., on colours of shells, 139., on abrupt range of shells in depth,1 7 1 ., on poorness of palzontological collections, 326., on continuous succession of genera,352-, on continental extensions, 386., on distribution during Glacial period, 395., on parallelism in time and space,429.Forests, changes in, in America, 82.Formation, Devonian, 3 6 6 - 7 ., Cambrian, 345.Formations, thickness of, in Britain, 324., intermittent, 334.Formica, rufescens, 265., sanguinea, 264., flava, neuter of, 281.Forms, lowly organised, long enduring,1 3 1 -Frena, ovigerous, of cirripedes, 187.Fresh-water productions, dispersal of,409.Fries, on species in large genera beingclosely allied to other species, 68.Frigate-bird, 180.Frogs on islands, 4 1 7 .Fruit trees, gradual improvement of,47-8-in United States, 92., varieties of, acclimatised in UnitedStates, 147.521
¶G
¶Calapagos Archipelago, birds of, 4 1 4 ..productions of, 4 2 1 .Galaxias, its wide range, 409.Galeopithecus, 1 7 6 .Game , increase of, checked by vermin,
7 8 - 9.
¶Gartner, on sterility of hybrids, 2 8 6 - 7 ,
292.
¶, on reciprocal crosses, 295., on crossed maize and Verbascum,3 " ., on comparison of hybrids and mongrels, 3>2-4-Gaudry, Prof., on intermediate genera offossil mammals in Attica, 362.Geese, fertility when crossed, 2 9 1 .. upland , 180.Gcikic, M r . , on subaerial denudation,
322.
¶Genealogy, important in classification,
438.
150.
¶, on homologous organs, 453., Isidore, on correlation, in m on strosities, 27., on correlation, 148., on variability of repeated parts,"52., on variable parts being often m on strous, 1 5 6 - 7 .Geographical distribution, 378.Geology, future progress of, 504., imperfection of the record, 504.Gervais, Prof., on Typotherium, 363.Giraffe, tail of, 196..structure of, 2 1 9 .Glacial period, 394., affecting the North and South, 397.Glands, mammary , 233.G m c l in , on distribution, 394.Godwin - Austen , M r . , on the Malay Archipelago, 338.Goethe, on compensation of growth , 150.Gomphia, 2 1 6 .Gooseberry, grafts of, 297.Gould, Dr. Aug . A . , on land shells, 420., Mr., on colours of birds, 139., on instincts of cuckoo. 2 6 1 .[522]5 2 2
¶Gould, on distribution of genera of birds,426.Gourds, crossed, 3 1 1 .Graba, on the Uria lacrymas, 99.Grafting, capacity of, 297.Granite, areas of denuded, 3 3 0 - 1 .Grasses, varieties of, 116—7.Gray, D r . Asa, on the variability of oaks,62., on man not causing variability, 87., on sexes of the holly, 1 0 1 ., on trees of the United States, 106., on naturalised plants in the UnitedStates. 1 1 8 ., on aestivation, 2 1 6 ., on Alpine plants, 394., on rarity of intermediate varieties,1 7 2 ., Dr. J. E . , on striped mule, 163.Grebe, 1 7 9 .Grimm , on asexual reproduction, 458.Groups, aberrant, 448.Grouse, colours of, 92., red, a doubtful species, 60.Growth , compensation of, 150.Gunthcr, Dr., on flat-fish, 2 3 1 ., on prehensile tails, 233., on the fishes of Panama, 379., on the range of fresh-water fishes,409., on the limbs of Lepidosiren, 4 7 1 .
¶H
¶Haast, Dr., on glaciers of New Zealand,400.Habit, effect of, under domestication, 27..effect of, under nature, 1 4 0 - 1 ..diversified, of same species, 1 7 8 .Hackel, Prof., on classification and thelines of descent, 452.Hair and teeth, correlated, 148.Halitherium, 363.Harcourt, Mr. E. V . , on the birds of M a deira, 4 1 5 .Hartung, M . , on boulders in the Azores,392-3-Hazel nuts, 388.Hearne, on habits of bears. 178.Heath, changes in vegetation, 79-80.Hector, Dr., on glaciers of New Zealand,400.Heer, Oswald, on ancient cultivatedplants, 32.-, on plants of Madeira, 1 1 1Helianthemum, 2 1 6 .Helix pomatia, 420., resisting salt water, 420.Helmholtz, M . , on the imperfection ofthe human eye, 203-4.Helosciadium, 388.Hemionus, striped, 165.Hensen, Dr., on the eyes of Cephalopods,
190.
¶Herbert, W . , on struggle for existence, 7 2 ., on sterility of hybrids, 288-9.Hermaphrodites crossing, 103.Heron eating seed, 4 1 2 .Heron, Sir R., on peacocks, 96.Hcusinger, on white animals poisoned bycertain plants, 27.Hewitt, M r . , on sterility of first crosses,
301.
¶Hildebrand, Prof., on the self-sterility ofCorydalis, 289.Hilgcndorf, on intermediate varieties,33*.Himalaya, glaciers of, 400., plants of, 402.Hippeastrum, 289.Hippicampus, 233.Hofmeister, Prof., on the movements olplants, 2 4 2 - 3 .Holly-trees, sexes of, 100.Hooker, Dr., on man not causing variability, 87., on trees of New Zealand, 106., on acclimatisation of Himalayantrees, 145., on flowers of umbcllifcrx, 149., on the position of ovules, 214., on glaciers of Himalaya, 400., on glaciers of the Lebanon, 400., on plants of Tierra del Fuego,4 0 1 - 2 ., on plants of mountains of FernandoPo, 402., on a l g x of New Zealand, 403., on Australian plants, 403, 422., on vegetation at the base of theHimalaya, 404., on relations of flora of America,
405.
¶, on flora of the Antarctic lands, 407,
422.
¶, on the plants of the Galapagos,416, 4 2 1 .Hooks on palms, 198.on seeds, on islands, 416.Hopkins, M r . , on denudation, 330.[523]Hornbill, remarkable instinct of, 284.Horns, rudimentary, 473.Horse, fossil, in La Plata, 354., proportions of, when young, 464.Horses, destroyed by flies in Paraguay,8 0 - 1 ..striped, 163.Horticulturists, selection applied by, 4 3 - 4 .Huber, on cells of bees, 272., P., on reason blended with instinct,
¶, on habitual nature of instincts, 252., on slave-making ants, 264., on Melipona domestica, 269.Hudson, Mr., on the Ground - Wood pecker of La Plata, 1 7 9 ., on the Molothrus, 262.Humble-bees, cells of, 268.Hunter, J., on secondary sexual characters, 1 5 3 .Hutton, Captain, on crossed geese, 2 9 1 .Huxley, Prof., on structure of hermaphrodites, 1 0 6 - 7 ., on the affinities of the Sircnia, 363., on forms connecting birds and reptiles, 364., on homologous organs, 457., on the development of aphis, 462.Hybrids and mongrels compared, 3 1 2 .Hybridism, 285.Hydra, structure of, 185.Hymenoptera, fighting, 95.Hymenopterous insects, diving, 180.Hyoscris, 2 1 5 .
¶I
¶Ibla, 1 5 1 .Icebergs transporting seeds, 392.Increase, rate of, 7 3 .Individuals, large numbers of favourableto selection, 107., many, whether simultaneously created, 385.Inheritance, laws of, 29., at corresponding ages, 29, 96.Insects, colour of, fitted for their stations, 92., sea-side, colours of, 139., blind, in caves, 143., luminous, 190., their resemblance to certain objects,224., neuter, 279-80Instinct, 251.5 2 3Instinct, not varying simultaneously withstructure, 278.Instincts, domestic, 255.Intercrossing, advantages of, 103, 304.Islands, oceanic, 4 1 3 .Isolation favourable to selection, 109.
¶JJapan, productions of, 399.Java, plants of, 402.Jones, M r . J. M . , on the birds of Bermuda,4'5-Jourdain, M . , on the eye-spots of starfishes, 182.Jukes, Prof., on subaerial denudation,
322.
¶Jussieu, on classification, 436.
¶K
¶Kentucky, caves of, 1 4 2 - 3 .Kcrguelen Land, flora of, 407, 422.Kidney bean, acclimatisation of, 1 4 7 .Kidneys of birds, 148.Kirby, on tarsi deficient in beetles,
1 4 1.
¶Knight, Andrew , on cause of variation,
¶Kolreuter, on Intercrossing, 103., on the barberry, 104., on sterility of hybrids, 2 8 6 - 7 ., on reciprocal crosses, 2 9 4 - 5 ., on crossed varieties of nicotiana,
3 1 2.
¶L
¶Lamarck, on adaptive characters, 443.Lancelet, 1 3 1 ., eyes of, 183.Landois, on the development of the wingsof insects, 187.Land shells, distribution of. 4 2 1 ., of Madeira, naturalised, 4 2 4 - 5 ., resisting salt water, 420.Languages, classification of, 440.Lankester, M r . E. Ray, on Longevity,
210.
¶, on homologies, 457.Lapse, great, of time, 3 2 1 .Larvae, 460.Laurel, nectar secreted by the leaves, 99.Laurentian formation, 345.[524]524
¶Laws of variation, 138.Leech, varieties of, 83.Leg u minos x , nectar secreted by glands,99-Leibnitz' attack on Newton , 498.Lepidosiren, 111—2, 364., limbs in a nascent condition, 4 7 1 .Lewes, Mr. G . H . , on species not havingchanged in Egypt, 210., on the Salamandra atra, 470., on many forms of life having beenat first evolved, 502.Life, struggle for, 7 3 .Lingula, Silurian, 344.Linnaeus, aphorism of, 433.Lion, name of, 95., young of, striped, 459.Lobelia fulgens, 8 1 , 1 0 4 - 5 ., sterility of crosses, 289.Lock wood, Mr., on the ova of the Hip pocampus, 233.Locusts transporting seeds, 3 9 1 .Logan, Sir W . , on Laurentian formation,345-Low e , Rev. R. T . , on locusts visitingMadeira, 3 9 1 .Lowncss of structure connected withvariability, 1 5 2 ., related to wide distribution, 427.Lubbock, Sir J., on the nerves of Coc cus, 56., on secondary sexual characters, 1 5 9 ., on a diving hymenopterous insect,180., on affinities, 337., on metamorphoses, 460.Lucas, Dr. P., on inheritance, 28., on resemblance of child to parent,3>5-Lund and Clausen, on fossils of Brazil,37*.Lycll, Sir C , on the struggle for existence, 7 2 ., on modern changes of the earth,102., on terrestrial animals not havingbeen developed on islands, 223., on a carboniferous land shell, 327., on strata beneath Silurian system,345-, on the imperfection of the geological record, 348., on the appearance of species, 349., on Barrandc's colonies, 350.Lyell, Sir C , on tertiary formations ofEurope and North America, 358., on parallelism of tertiary formations, 3 6 1 ., on transport of seeds by icebergs,
392-
¶, on great alterations of climate, 408., on the distribution of fresh-watershells, 4 1 1 ., on land shells of Madeira, 424.Lyell and Dawson, on fossilized trees inNova Scotia, 3 3 4 - 5 .Lythrum salicaria, trimorphic, 307.
¶M
¶Macleay, on analogical characters, 443.Macrauchenia, 362.McDonnell, Dr., on electric organs, 189.Madeira, plants of, in ., beetles of, wingless, 1 4 1 ., fossil land shells of, 372—3., birds of, 4 1 5 .Magpie tame in Norway , 255.Males fighting, 95.Maize, crossed, 3 1 1 .Malay Archipelago compared with E u rope, 338., mammals of, 4 1 9 .Malm , on flatfish, 230.Malpighiacex, small imperfect flowers of,
214.
¶. 436-Mam m z , their development, 233., rudimentary, 469.Mammals, fossil, in secondary formation,34"-.insular, 416.Man, origin of, 505.Manatee, rudimentary nails of, 473.Marsupials of Australia, 1 1 9 ., structure of their feet, 452—3., fossil species of, 372.Martens, M . , experiment on seeds, 389.Martin, Mr. W . C , on striped mules, 164.Masters, Dr., on Saponaria, 216.Matteucci, on the electric organs of rays,188-9.Matthiola, reciprocal crosses of, 295.Maurandia, 242.Means of dispersal, 386.Melipona domestica, 269.Merrell, Dr., on the American cuckoo,259-Metamorphism of oldest rocks, 345.[525]Mice destroying bees, 82., acclimatisation of, 146., tails of, 2 3 2 - 3 .Miller, Prof., on the cells of bees, 2 6 9 - 7 0 ,273-Mirabilis, crosses of, 295.Missel-thrush, 84.Mistletoe, complex relations of, 20.Mivart, Mr., on the relation of hair andteeth, 148-9., on the eyes of cephalopods, 190., various objections to natural selection, 219., on abrupt modifications, 2 4 6 - 7 ., on the resemblance of the mouseand Antechinus, 443.Mocking-thrush of the Galapagos, 424.Modification of species not abrupt, 500.Moles, blind, 142.Molothrus, habits of, 262.Mongrels, fertility and sterility of, 308.and hybrids compared, 3 1 2 .Monkeys, fossil, 3 4 1 .Monachanthus, 441.Mons, Van , on the origin of fruit-trees,4'-Monstrosities, 54.Moquin-Tandon, on sea-side plants, 1 3 9 .Morphology, 452.Morren, on the leaves of Oxalis, 242.Moths, hybrid, 291.Mozart, musical powers of, 252.Mud , seeds in, 4 1 2 .Mules, striped, 164.Miiller, Adolf, on the instincts of thecuckoo, 260.Miiller, Dr. Ferdinand, on Alpine A us tralian plants, 403.Miiller, Fritz, on dimorphic crustaceans,57. 282., on the lancelet, 1 3 1 ., on air-breathing crustaceans, 1 9 2 ., on climbing plants, 242., on the self-sterility of orchids, 289., on embryology in relation to classification, 437., on the metamorphoses of crustaceans, 462, 467., on terrestrial and fresh-water organisms not undergoing any metamorphosis, 466.Multiplication of species not indefinite,133-4-Murchison, Sir R., on the formations ofRussia, 328.525Murchison, on azoic formations, 345., on extinction, 353.Murie, Dr., on the modification of thaskull in old age, 188.Murray, M r . A . , on cave-insects, 1 4 4 .Mustela vision, 1 7 5 .Myanthus, 441.Myrmecocystus, 280.Myrmica, eyes of, 2 8 1 .
¶N
¶Nageli, on morphological characters, 2 1 2 .Nails, rudimentary, 473.Nathusius, Von, on pigs, 199.Natural history, future progress of, 503.selection, 87.system, 433.Naturalisation of forms distinct fromthe indigenous species, 1 1 8 .Naturalisation in New Zealand, 203.Naudin , on analogous variations ingourds, 160., on hybrid gourds, 3 1 1 ., on reversion, 3 1 4 .Nautilus, Silurian, 344.Nectar of plants, 9 9 - 1 0 0 .Nectaries, how formed, 99.Nelumbium luteum, 4 1 2 .Nests, variations in, 254, 2 7 7 , 284.Neuter insects, 2 8 0 - 1 .Newman , Col., on bumblebees, 82.New Zealand, productions of, not perfect, 203., naturalised products of, 3 7 1 ., fossil birds of, 3 7 2 ., glaciers of, 400., crustaceans of, 403., alga: of, 403., number of plants of, 4 1 4 ., flora of, 422.Newton , Sir I., attacked for irreligion,
498.
¶, Prof., on earth attached to a partridge's foot, 392.Nicotiana, crossed varieties of, 3 1 2 ., certain species very sterile, 294.Nitschc, Dr., on the Polyzoa, 237.Noble, M r . , on fertility of Rhododendron,
290.
¶Nodules, phosphatic, in azoic rocks, 345.
¶Ononis, small imperfect flowers of, 2 1 4 .Orchids, fertilisation of, 1 9 4 - 5 ., the development of their flowers,239-40..forms of, 4 4 1 .Orchis, pollen of, 190.Organisation, tendency to advance, 1 2 9 -30.Organs of extreme perfection, 1 8 1 ..electric, of fishes, 190., of little importance, 196., homologous, 4 5 4 - 5 ., rudiments of, and nascent, 469.Ornithorhynchus, m , 435., mamma: of, 234.Ostrich not capable of flight, 223., habit of laying eggs together, 263., American, two species of, 380.Otter, habits of, how acquired, 1 7 5 .O u z e l , water, 1 7 9 .Owen , Prof., on birds not flying, 140., on vegetative repetition, 1 5 2 ., on variability of unusually developed parts, 1 5 3 ., on the eyes of fishes, 183., on the swim bladder of fishes, 186., on fossil horse of L a Plata, 354., on generalised form, 362., on relation of Ruminants andPachyderms, 362., on fossil birds of New Zealand, 3 7 2 ., on succession of types, 372., on affinities of the dugong , 434., on homologous organs, 453., on the metamorphosis of cephalo-pods, 4 6 1 .
¶P
¶Pacific Ocean, faunas of, 380.Pacini, on electric organs, 189—90.Paley, on no organ formed to give pain,203.Pallas, on the fertility of the domesticated descendants of wild stocks, 2 9 1 .Palm with hooks, 198.Papaver bracteatum, 2 1 6 .Paraguay, cattle destroyed by flies, 8 0 - 1 .Parasites, 2 6 2 - 3 .Partridge, with ball of earth attached tofoot, 3 9 1 .Parts greatly developed, variable, 1 5 3 .Parus major, 1 7 8 .Passiflora, 289.Peaches in United States, 92,Pear, grafts of, 297.Pedicellaria:, 236.Pelargonium, flowers of, 149., sterility of, 289.Pelvis of women, 148.Peloria, 149.Period, Glacial, 394.Petrels, habits of, 1 7 9 .Phasianus, fertility of hybrids, 291.Pheasant, young, wild, 258.Pictet, Prof., on groups of species suddenly appearing, 3 4 1 ., on rate of organic change, 350., on continuous succession of genera,
352-
¶, on change in latest tertiary forms,
336.
¶, on close alliance of fossils in consecutive formations, 3 6 7 - 8 ., on early transitional links, 341.Pierce, Mr., on varieties of wolves, 97.Pigeons with feathered feet and skin between toes, 28., breeds described, and origin of, 34., breeds of, how produced, 49., tumbler, not being able to get outof egg, 93., reverting to blue colour, 162., instinct of tumbling, 257., young of, 464.Pigs, black, not affected by the paint-root, 27., modified by want of exercise, 199.Pistil, rudimentary, 470.Plants, poisonous, not affecting certaincoloured animals, 27., selection applied to, 47., gradual improvement of, 48., not improved in barbarous countries, 48..dimorphic, 57., destroyed by insects, 7 8 - 9 ., in midst of range, have to struggle with other plants, 85., nectar of, 99., fleshy, on sea-shores, 139..climbing, 186, 2 4 1 ., fresh-water, distribution of, 4 1 1 ., low in scale, widely distributed,
427.
¶Pleuronectidz, their structure, 229.Plumage, laws of change in sexes of birds.96.Plums in the United States, 92.Pointer dog, origin of, 46.[527]Pointer, habits of, 257.Poison not affecting certain coloured animals, 27., similar effect of, on animals andplants, 501.Pollen of fir-trees, 204.transported by various means, 1 9 3 - 4 ,201.Pollinia, their development, 239.Polyzoa, their avicularia, 237.Poole, Col., on striped hemionus, 165.Potamogcton, 4 1 2 .Pouchet, on the colours of flatfish, 232.Prestwich, Mr., on English and Frencheocene formations, 3 6 1 .Proctotrupes, 180.Proteolcpas, 1 5 1 .Proteus, 144.Psychology, future progress of, 505.Prygoma, found in the chalk, 342.
¶QOuagga, striped, 166.Quatrefages, M . , on hybrid moths, 2 9 1 .Quercus, variability of, 62.Quince, grafts of, 297.
¶RRabbits, disposition of young, 257.Races, domestic, characters of, 30.Race horses, Arab, 46., English, 386.Radcliffc, Dr., the electrical organs ofthe torpedo, 189.Ramond, on plants of Pyrenees, 396.Ramsay, Prof., on subaerial denudation,3*3-— , on thickness of the British formations, 324., on faults, 324., Mr., on instincts of cuckoo, 2 6 1 .Ratio of increase, 7 3 .Rats supplanting each other, 84..acclimatisation of, 146..blind, in cave, 143.Rattlesnake, 202.Reason and instinct, 2 5 1 .Recapitulation, general, 478.Reciprocity of crosses, 294.Record, geological, imperfect, 3 1 9 .Rengger, on flies destroying cattle, 80—1.Reproduction, rate of, 7 3 - 4 .Resemblance, protective of insects, 224.to parents in mongrels and hybrids,3 M - 5 -527Reversion, law of inheritance, 29., in pigeons, to blue colour, 162.Rhododendron, sterility of, 290.Richard, Prof., on Aspicarpa, 436.Richardson, Sir J., on structure of squirrels, 1 7 6 ., on fishes of the southern hemisphere, 403.Robinia, grafts of, 298.Rodents, blind, 142.Rogers, Prof., Map of N . America, 3 3 1 .Rudimentary organs, 470.Rudiments important for classification,
435-
¶Rutimcyer, on Indian cattle, 33, 292.
227.
¶Sagcret, on grafts, 297.Salmons, males fighting, and hookedjaws of, 95.Salt water, how far injurious to seeds,
388-9.
¶, not destructive to landshells, 420.Salter, M r . , on early death of hybrid embryos, 301.Saurophagus sulphuratus, 1 7 8 .Schacht, Prof., on phyllotaxy, 2 1 5 .Schiodte, on blind insects, 143., on flatfish, 230.Schlegcl, on snakes, 148.School, Dr., on the ears of mice, 2 1 3 .Scott, J., M r . , on the self-sterility of orchids, 289., on the crossing of varieties of Ver -bascum, 3 1 1 .Seawater, how far injurious to seeds,
388-9.
¶not destructive to landshells, 420.Sebright, Sir J., on crossed animals, 34.Sedgwick, Prof., on groups of speciessuddenly appearing, 340.Seedlings destroyed by insects, 7 7 .Seeds, nutriment in, 85., winged , 150.. means of dissemination, 193, 20:,
300.
¶, power of resisting salt water, 389.
¶, in crops and intestines of birds, 3 9 ° -
¶, eaten by fish, 3 9 1 , 4 1 2 .
¶, in mud , 4 1 2 .
¶Seeds, hooked, on islands, 4 1 6 .Selection of domestic products, 40., principle not of recent origin, 45., unconscious, 45., natural, 87., sexual, 94., objections to term, 88.natural, has not induced sterility,298-9.Sexes, relations of, 95.Sexual characters variable, 1 5 7 .selection, 94.Sheep, merino, their selection, 43.• , two sub-breeds, unintentionallyproduced, 46., mountain varieties of, 83.Shells, colours of, 1 3 9 ., hinges of, 193., littoral, seldom embedded, 327., fresh-water, long retain the sameforms, 369., , dispersal of, 410., of Madeira, 414., land, distribution of, 4 2 1 ., , resisting salt water, 420.Shrew-mouse, 443.Silene, infertility of crosses, 293.Silliman, Prof., on blind rat, 143.Sirenia, their affinities, 363.Sitaris, metamorphosis of, 468.Skulls of young mammals, 198, 455.Slave-making instinct, 264.Smith, Col . Hamilton, on striped horses,164., M r . Fred., on slave-making ants,264., — on neuter ants, 2 8 1 .Smitt, Dr., on the Polyzoa, 237.Snake with tooth for cutting throughegg-shell, 262.Somerville, Lord, on selection of sheep,43-Sorbus, grafts of, 298.Sorex, 443.Spaniel, King Charles's breed, 46.Specialisation of organs, 1 2 9 - 3 0 .Species, polymorphic, 56., dominant, 66., common, variable, 65.in large genera variable, 66., groups of, suddenly appearing,3 4 ° . 344-beneath Silurian formations, 345.Species successively appearing, 349.Species changing simultaneously throughout the world, 357.Spencer, Lord, on increase in size of cat-de, 46., Herbert, M r . , on the first steps indifferentiation, 132., on the tendency to an equilibriumin all forces, 304-5.Sphex, parasitic, 263.Spiders, development of, 462.Sports in plants, 26.Sprengcl, C . C , on crossing, 103., on ray-florets, 149.Squalodon, 363.Squirrels, gradations in structure, 1 7 6 .Staffordshire, heath, changes in, 79.Stag beetles, fighting, 95.Star-fishes, eyes of, 182., their pedicellariz, 236.Sterility from changed conditions of life,25-of hybrids, 287., laws of, 292., causes of, 298., from unfavourable conditions, 303.not induced through natural selection, 299.St. Helena, productions of, 414.St. Hilaire, Aug . , on variability of certain plants, 2 1 6 ., on classification, 436.St. John, M r . , on habits of cats, 256.Sting of bee, 204.Stocks, aboriginal, of domestic animals,32-Strata, thickness of, in Britain, 324.Stripes on horses, 164.Structure, degrees of utility of, 199.Struggle for existence, 7 1 .Succession, geological, 349.of types in same areas, 3 7 2 .Swallow, one species supplanting another, 84.Swaysland, Mr., on earth adhering to thefeet of migratory birds, 392.Swifts, nests of, 2 7 7 .Swim bladder, 186.Switzerland, lake habitations of, 32.System, natural, 433.
¶T
¶Tail of giraffe, 196.of aquatic animals, 197., prehensile, 233.[529]Tail, rudimentary, 4 7 3 .Tanais, dimorphic, 57.Tarsi, deficient, 1 4 1 .Tausch, Dr., on Umbclliferx, 2 1 5 .Teeth and hair correlated, 148..rudimentary, embryonic calf, 469,496.Tegetmeier, M r . , on cells of bees, 270,
¶T e m m in c k , on distribution aiding classification, 4 3 7 - 8 .Tendrils, their development, 2 4 1 .Thompson , Sir W . , on the age of thehabitable world, 345., on the consolidation of the crustof the earth, 484.Thouin, on grafts, 298.Thrush, aquatic species of, 180., mocking, of the Galapagos, 424., young of, spotted, 459., nest of, 284.Thwaites, Mr., on acclimatisation, 1 4 5 .Thylacinus, 444.Tierra del Fuego, dogs of, 258.Timber, drift, 389.Time , lapse of, 3 2 1 .by itself not causing modification,107.Titmouse, 1 7 8 .Toads on islands, 4 1 7 .Tobacco, crossed varieties of, 3 1 2 .Tomes, Mr., on the distribution of bats,418.Transitions in varieties rare, 1 7 1 .Traquair, Dr., on flatfish, 2 3 1 .Trautschold, on intermediate varieties,33*-Trees on islands belong to peculiar orders,416.with separated sexes, 106.Trifolium pratense, 8 1 , 1 0 1 .incarnatum, 1 o 1.Trigonia, 356.Trilobites, 345., sudden extinction of, 3 5 7 .Trimen, Mr., on imitating-insects, 447.Trimorphism in plants, 57, 307.Troglodytes, 284.Tucu tucu, blind, 142.Tumbler-pigeons, habits of, hereditary,J57-Tumbler, young of, 464.Turkey cock, tuft of hair on breast, 9 6 .— — , naked skin on head, 198.5 2 9Turkey , young of, instinctively wild, 258,Turnip and cabbage, analogous variation*of, 160.Type , unity of, 207.Types , succession of, in same areas, 3 7 2 ,Typotherium , 3 6 3 .
¶U
¶Udders enlarged by use, 2 7 ., rudimentary, 469.Ulex, young leaves of, 459.Umbelliferz, flowers and seeds of, 1 5 0 ..outer and inner florets of, 2 1 5 .Unity of type, 207.Uria lacrymans, 99.Use, effects of, under domestication, 2 7 ..effects of, in a state of nature, 140.Utility, how far important in the construction of each part, 199.
¶V
¶Valenciennes, on fresh-water fish, 410.Variability of mongrels and hybrids,3 ' 3 -Variation under domestication, 23.caused by reproductive system being affected by conditions of life, 24.under nature, 54., laws of, 138..correlated, 2 7 , 1 4 7 , 199.Variations appear at corresponding ages,
29, 93-
¶analogous in distinct species, 1 5 9 .Varieties, natural, 54., struggle between, 84..domestic, extinction of, 1 1 4 ., transitional, rarity of, 1 7 1 ., when crossed, fertile, 3 1 2 ., , sterile, 3 1 0 ., classification of, 440.Verbascum, sterility of, 289..varieties of crossed, 3 1 1 .Verlot, M . , on double stocks, 2 7 9 .Verneuil, M . de, on the succession ofspecies, 359.Vibracula of the Polyzoa, 238.Viola, small imperfect flowers of, 2 1 4 ., tricolor, 8 1 .Virchow, on the structure of the crystalline lens, 1 8 3 - 4 .Virginia, pigs of, 92.Volcanic islands, denudation of, 323.Vulture, naked skin on head, 198.[530], on the antenna; of Hymenopterous530W
¶Wading-birds, 4 1 1 - 2 .Wagner, Dr., on Cecidomyia, 458., Moritz, on the importance of isolation, 109.Wallace, Mr., on origin of species, 19., on the limit of variation under do mestication, 52., on dimorphic lepidoptera, 57, 282., on races in the Malay Archipelago,59-, on the improvement of the eye,183., on the walking stick insect, 225., on laws of geographical distribution, 385., on the Malay Archipelago, 4 1 9 ., on mimetic animals, 447.Walsh, M r . B . D . , on Phytophagic forms,60., on equal variability, 160.Water, fresh, productions of, 409.Water-hen, 180.Watcrhouse, M r . , on Australian marsupials, 1 1 9 ., on greatly developed parts beingvariable, 1 5 3 ., on the cells of bees, 268., on general affinities, 449.Watson, Mr. H . C , on range of varietiesof British plants, 5 8 - 9 , 69., on acclimatisation, 1 4 5 ., on flora of Azores, 392., on Alpine plants, 396., on rarity of intermediate varieties,1 7 2 ., on convergence, 132., on the indefinite multiplication ofspecies, 133.Wcalc, Mr., on locusts transporting seeds,3 9 1 .Web of feet in water-birds, 1 8 1 .Weismann, Prof., on the causes of variability, 24., on rudimentary organs, 472.West Indian Islands, mammals of, 4 1 9 .Westwood, on species in large genera being closely allied to others, 68., on the tarsi of E n g i d x , 158.
¶insects, 435.Whales, 2 2 5 - 6 .Wheat, varieties of, 1 1 7 .White Mountains, flora of, 394.Whitaker, M r . , on lines of escarpment,3*3-Wichura, Max , on hybrids, 301, 3 1 4 .Wings , reduction of size, 140.of insects homologous with branchix,186, 187., rudimentary, in insects, 469.Wolf crossed with dog, 257.of Falkland Isles, 4 1 7 .Wollaston, Mr., on varieties of insects, 60., on fossil varieties of shells in M a deira, 64., on colours of insects on seashore,139., on wingless beetles, 1 4 1 ., on rarity of intermediate varieties,1 7 2 ., on insular insects, 4 1 4 ., on land shells of Madeira naturalised, 424.Wolves, varieties of, 97.Woodcock with earth attached to leg,3 9 1 - 2 .Woodpecker, habits of, 1 7 9 ., green colour of, 1 9 7 - 8 .Woodward , Mr., on the duration ofspecific forms, 332., on Pyrgoma, 342., on the continuous succession ofgenera, 352., on the succession of types, 3 7 2 .World, species changing simultaneouslythroughout, 359.Wrens, nest of, 284.Wright , M r . Chauncey, on the giraffe,2 2 1 ., on abrupt modifications, 249.Wyman , Prof., on correlation of colourand effects of poison, 27., on the cells of the bee, 270.
¶Youatt, Mr., on selection, 43., on sub-breeds of sheep, 46., on rudimentary horns in young cattle. 473-