Government
‹ 8 · Outline · 10 ›
9.Temporal and spiritual authority
9a.The claim of the papacy against the temporal power
See also: Hypocrisy 6a · Tyranny 7a · Religion 12b · Monarchy 3b
Dante Alighieri, PurgatoryVol. 20
- p. 208Rome's two suns, worldly and divine authority, are now merged; sword grafted on crook ruins both.read · scan
Dante Alighieri, ParadiseVol. 20
- p. 323Florence, city of the first rebel, and the Pope's neglect of the Holy Land are denounced.read · scan
- p. 324Notes on papal and imperial authority, Boniface VIII, Henry VII and the move to Avignon.read · scan
Jean Froissart, The Chronicles of FroissartVol. 35
- p. 34–35Pope sends cardinals to mediate peace between the French king and his enemies.read · scan
Niccolò Machiavelli, The PrinceVol. 36
- p. 38Ecclesiastical princes hold territories they do not defend and subjects they do not govern, yet remain secure.read · scan
- p. 39Popes' temporal power grew: Alexander VI used money and arms, Julius conquered and crushed the Roman baronial factions.read · scan
Martin Luther, Address to the Christian Nobility of the German NationVol. 36
- p. 264–265Romanists claim the spiritual power is above the temporal, and the Pope alone may call a council.read · scan
- p. 265Denies that the Pope has jurisdiction over temporal power; the Romanists rig councils by binding princes to oath.read · scan
- p. 274–275Romanists too are subject to the temporal sword and cannot prevent or bind a council.read · scan
- p. 287–288Temporal authorities should forbid annates; the powers divide tasks: pope prays, emperor protects, commons work.read · scan
- p. 289Luther condemns the Pope for destroying episcopal order and authority, leaving Christendom without discipline or government.read · scan
- p. 293Investiture once belonged to emperors and French kings until popes took it by force.read · scan
- p. 294Pope should have no power over the Emperor beyond crowning; he must be subject to temporal authority except in spiritual matters.read · scan
- p. 295Denies the Pope's claim to the empire; preaching, prayer and care of the poor cannot coexist with ruling an empire.read · scan
- p. 296Pope must give up rule over Naples, Sicily and Italian territories, leaving government to temporal power.read · scan
- p. 320A regular bishop and good government without Romish tyranny would mend matters.read · scan
- p. 326–327The Pope has made himself lord of all temporal power in violation of the Gospel, persecuting emperors.read · scan
- p. 327–328The emperor is bound by oaths not to live in Rome and made dependent on the Pope.read · scan
- p. 330The Emperor's authority is not below the Pope's because he crowns him; the Pope is above only in divine matters, not the temporal sword.read · scan
Benvenuto Cellini, The Autobiography of Benvenuto CelliniVol. 31
- p. 124The Pope claims authority to bind and loose and directs the Governor's handling of the dispute.read · scan
John Calvin, Dedication of the Institutes of the Christian ReligionVol. 39
- p. 40Uses the Council of Basil's deposition of Eugenius to show the papal hierarchy's illegitimate succession.read · scan
Christopher Marlowe, Edward the SecondVol. 46
- p. 17–19Church authority and noble peers limit the king's power.read · scan
Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of LeviathanVol. 34
- p. 385–386Papal claims over kings, crowning, deposition and clerical exemption serve papal interest against civil authority.read · scan
John Milton, Paradise LostVol. 4
- p. 342Ecclesiastics seek palaces, titles and secular power under pretense of spiritual authority.read · scan
Blaise Pascal, ThoughtsVol. 48
- p. 304–305The Pope as recognised head of the Church and the debate over Council above Pope.read · scan
- p. 305Papal power judged by Church acts and canons; infallibility more natural in a multitude than one man.read · scan
Alessandro Manzoni, I Promessi Sposi (The Betrothed)Vol. 21
- p. 305–306Courts, ministers, the Count-duke and the Pope frame the display of political and ecclesiastical influence.read · scan
- p. 481–482Authorities leave him unmolested, gladly gaining reparations; church and civil power both quarrel and cooperate.read · scan
9b.The magistrate's commission and the limits of civil power over faith
See also: Religion 12d
Martin Luther, Address to the Christian Nobility of the German NationVol. 36
- p. 290Temporal matters belong to temporal authorities; spiritual authority is limited to faith and good works.read · scan
Martin Luther, Concerning Christian LibertyVol. 36
- p. 355–356Corporeal rule belongs to kings and princes, not to Christians or ecclesiastics.read · scan
William Roper, The Life of Sir Thomas MoreVol. 36
- p. 114The oath of Supremacy and Matrimony is tendered to the clergy by commissioners.read · scan
- p. 125Limits of Parliament's power over spiritual supremacy.read · scan
John Calvin, Dedication of the Institutes of the Christian ReligionVol. 39
- p. 50Civil government is distinct from Christ's spiritual kingdom yet a signal blessing of God to be acknowledged with gratitude.read · scan
William Harrison, A Description of Elizabethan EnglandVol. 35
- p. 218Bishops have civil authority from kings to keep the church in uniformity.read · scan
- p. 252Describes the two provinces of Canterbury and York, archbishops' hierarchy, jurisdiction and authority in civil affairs.read · scan
- p. 255–257Ecclesiastical jurisdiction: Canterbury and York, twenty-one and four suffragan bishops, and the archbishop's crowning of king and queen.read · scan
- p. 260Church forms of consecration confirmed by parliament, with prince controlling dispensations and revenue.read · scan
- p. 269Church government by bishops and elders, examining doctrine and appointing pastorsread · scan
John Eliot, Eliot's Brief NarrativeVol. 43
- p. 139–140Church officers are chosen and ordained (teaching and ruling elders, deacons) so new churches can be organized.read · scan
John Milton, Poems Written During the Civil War and the Protectorate, 1642-1658Vol. 4
- p. 83–84Vane praised as senator who knows the bounds of spiritual and civil power and how to sustain war and peace.read · scan
Sir Henry Vane, A Healing QuestionVol. 43
- p. 122The magistrate's commission is limited to praising the good and punishing outward wrongs between men, not ruling matters of faith.read · scan
Daniel Defoe, The Shortest-Way with the DissentersVol. 27
- p. 140–141Queen's promise of toleration is said to be overridden by her duty as head of the Church to protect it.read · scan
Voltaire, Letters on the EnglishVol. 34
- p. 79Whig ministry suppresses Convocation; bishops sit in Lords as barons and owe office to statute.read · scan
John Woolman, The Journal of John WoolmanVol. 1
- p. 272–273Report criticizes members holding civil offices inconsistent with Quaker principles.read · scan
Ralph Waldo Emerson, English TraitsVol. 5
- p. 429The Queen dictates whom the chapter must elect bishop, making the Holy Ghost's guidance agree with her choice.read · scan
John Stuart Mill, AutobiographyVol. 25
- p. 132Mill rejects Comte's reliance on spiritual authority as sole security for good government against oppression.read · scan
John Stuart Mill, On LibertyVol. 25
- p. 206–207Separation of spiritual and temporal authority in the modern world limited legal interference in private life.read · scan
- p. 225Policy for Hindoos and Mahomedans would deny schools and public employment to non-Christians.read · scan
John Ruskin, Sesame and LiliesVol. 28
- p. 106–107Contrast between true episcopal authority and false claimants of power and rank within the clergy.read · scan
- p. 108–109The king's office is to rule; the bishop's is to oversee, not rule.read · scan
9c.Religion as an instrument of rule
See also: Religion 1a · God 2e
Francis Bacon, Essays, Civil and MoralVol. 3
- p. 43–45Superstition erects an absolute monarchy in men's minds and overthrows the spheres of government, confusing states; atheism, by contrast, leaves laws and civil order undisturbed.read · scan
Thomas Hobbes, Of Man, Being the First Part of LeviathanVol. 34
- p. 375Founders cultivated religion to govern others and increase their own power.read · scan
- p. 379–380Religion serves civil society, teaching duty kings require of subjects.read · scan
- p. 380Legislators used images and consecrated property to keep the ignorant multitude in fear.read · scan
- p. 382Legislators used belief in gods' wrath to keep peoples obedient and peaceful.read · scan
- p. 383–384Ceremonies and festivals kept commoners from mutiny; blaming their own neglect, they did not resist governors.read · scan
- p. 384Rejected religion needs the civil sword to be upheld.read · scan
Blaise Pascal, ThoughtsVol. 48
- p. 237–238Moses assigned lands, appointed judges, prescribed the form of political government and cities of refuge.read · scan
Daniel Defoe, The Shortest-Way with the DissentersVol. 27
- p. 137Dissenters allegedly engrossed offices and the ministry under a king of their own, and managed poorly.read · scan
Voltaire, Letters on the EnglishVol. 34
- p. 78–79Public employment is restricted to members of the Church of England, which converts Dissenters.read · scan
- p. 82–83One religion would risk arbitrary government, two civil strife, many produce peace.read · scan
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Profession of Faith of a Savoyard VicarVol. 34
- p. 282–283Uniformity of exterior forms is merely a matter of administration for peace and order.read · scan
Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in FranceVol. 24
- p. 280–282Doubt whether a state can subsist without religion better than with it, as the reformers claim.read · scan
George Long, M. Aurelius AntoninusVol. 2
- p. 311–312Governors and emperors handle provincial religious disorder through rescripts and policy.read · scan
- p. 313Roman state tolerated all superstitions yet could not tolerate a religion declaring the rest false.read · scan
Ralph Waldo Emerson, WorshipVol. 5
- p. 278Gladstone says the King of Naples made the negation of God a system of government; 'higher law' became a political jibe.read · scan
Ralph Waldo Emerson, English TraitsVol. 5
- p. 423–426The church acts as a political engine: parishes sanction civil privileges and daily prayers for the royal family shape opinion.read · scan
John Stuart Mill, On LibertyVol. 25
- p. 216Argument that governments have a duty to uphold salutary beliefs and restrain bad men.read · scan
- p. 220A ruler's duty not to let society fall to pieces motivated suppression of a new religion.read · scan
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